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Papal election, 1280–81
The papal election from September 22, 1280 to February 22, 1281 elected Simon de Brion, who took the name Pope Martin IV,〔Popes Marinus I and Marinus II, by an old error, were counted as "Martins" I and II.〕 as the successor to Pope Nicholas III.
The protracted election is unique due to the violent removal of two cardinals—Matteo Orsini and Giordano Orsini—by the magistrates of Viterbo on the charges that they were "impeding" the election.〔Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "(Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216-1294) )".〕 Only a decade earlier, the magistrates of Viterbo had intervened in the papal election, 1268–1271 by removing the roof tiles of the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo to speed up another deadlocked contest. The expulsion of the Orsini and the subsequent election of Simon was due to the influence of Charles I of Naples ("Charles of Anjou"), who was present at Viterbo for the election.
==Context==
The previous meeting of the cardinals, the papal election, 1277, had dragged on for six months as the six cardinal electors (the fewest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church), were evenly divided between the Roman and Angevin factions. The aged Giovanni Gaetano Orsini was elected Pope Nicholas III, to the dissatisfaction of Charles I of Naples, whom the three French cardinals supported.
Previously, Pope Clement IV had crowned Charles I the King of Naples and Sicily (previously a papal fief), but had failed to sufficiently stack the College of Cardinals with like-minded cardinals. Following Clement's death, the papal election, 1268–1271, was the longest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, eventually electing outsider Teobaldo Visconti as Pope Gregory X, who concerned his papacy with little more than the advocacy of the Crusades (having been elected while on the Crusades). Although Gregory X had issued a papal bull ''Ubi Periculum'' (1274), mandating the stricture of the papal conclave to accelerate disputed papal elections, the bull was not in force at the time of this election, having been suspended by Pope Adrian V and revoked by Pope John XXI.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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